GLP-1
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists
GLP-1 receptor agonists (semaglutide, tirzepatide, liraglutide) mimic a gut hormone that regulates blood sugar and appetite. Originally developed for type 2 diabetes, they have since demonstrated broad effects across cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic systems.
Last updated
2026-04-20
11
Benefits
10
Malefices
27
Sources
67%
Avg. Confidence
Core
FDA-Approved / Clinical Gold Standard
Inner Mantle
High Reliability / Label Expansion
Outer Mantle
Strong Hypothesis / Ongoing Trials
Crust
Anecdotal / Emerging Observations
All Sources
Phase III RCT9 sources
- SUSTAIN-6: Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes↗New England Journal of Medicine2016re: Glycemic Control
- STEP 1: Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity↗New England Journal of Medicine2021re: Weight Loss
- SURMOUNT-1: Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obesity↗New England Journal of Medicine2022re: Weight Loss
- SELECT: Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes↗New England Journal of Medicine2023re: Cardiovascular Protection
- ESSENCE: Semaglutide in Patients with MASH and Cirrhosis↗New England Journal of Medicine2024re: Liver Health (MASH)
- FLOW: Semaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease↗New England Journal of Medicine2024re: Kidney Disease Protection
- SURMOUNT-OSA: Tirzepatide for Obstructive Sleep Apnea↗New England Journal of Medicine2024re: Sleep Apnea
- Changes in Body Composition with Semaglutide: STEP 1 Sub-study↗Obesity2022re: Muscle Mass Loss
- SPARK: Semaglutide in Early Parkinson's Disease↗New England Journal of Medicine2024re: Neuroprotection (Alzheimer's/Parkinson's)
Meta-Analysis4 sources
- Gastrointestinal Safety of Semaglutide: Systematic Review↗Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology2021re: GI Distress
- Risk of Pancreatitis with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Meta-Analysis↗JAMA Internal Medicine2014re: Pancreatitis Risk
- Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Events with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists↗EClinicalMedicine2022re: Gallstones
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in PCOS: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis↗Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism2022re: PCOS
Observational Study7 sources
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Facial Soft Tissue Changes↗JAMA Dermatology2023re: "Ozempic Face/Body"
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Alcohol Use Disorder: Large Cohort Study↗JAMA Psychiatry2024re: Addiction & Impulse Control
- Semaglutide Reduces Alcohol Intake in Rodent Models↗eBioMedicine2023re: Addiction & Impulse Control
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Risk of Dementia↗Alzheimer's & Dementia2023re: Neuroprotection (Alzheimer's/Parkinson's)
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Gastroparesis: FDA FAERS Analysis↗JAMA2023re: Gastroparesis
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Risk of Suicidal Ideation: Large Cohort Study↗Nature Medicine2024re: Suicidal Ideation Signal
- Telogen Effluvium in GLP-1 Users: Prospective Cohort↗JAMA Dermatology2023re: Hair Loss
Regulatory3 sources
Case Report2 sources
Last updated: 2026-04-20 · Data compiled from PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA, and EMA databases.